Article Review Security Rule Checking Of Ic Design

To: John Lieh From: Szu-Hung Hsiao Date: February 23, 2017 Subject: Analysing Professional Journal Introduction Purpose The purpose of this assignment is to analysis the peer reviewed article â€Å"Security Rule Checking in IC Design,† which was published in the journal Computers in August 2016. This memo will focus on the readability, writing qualities, and scientific methodologies. About Journal Computers is an annual journal that publishes by IEEE Computer Society. It is peer reviewed journal that can be found online and hardcopy. Most of the articles which were written by computer researchers were about all stuff about computer such as hardware, software, new applications, etc. The target audiences are computer†¦show more content†¦Moreover, as everyone knows that mathematics is the basic knowledge of computer science and engineering, I want to see the connection between all these subjects. Readability We will follow Markel’s Characteristics of a Technical Document in Ch.1 page 6 to analysis this article’s readability by six characteristics Addresses Particular Readers Helps readers Solve Problems Reflects the Organization’s Goals and Culture Is Produced Collaboratively Uses Design to Increase Readability Consists of Words or Images or Both In the first and second page, the authors addressed out the articles aims to help IC designers to build less risk IC boards. â€Å"Hardware vulnerabilities can also result from design mistakes, often because the designer does not sufficiently understand security problems,† the authors point out that not only software, but also hardware will cause the vulnerabilities, and designers must understand the methods how to measure, design, and find the weaknesses. Moreover, some jargon was used in the article. For example, in the â€Å"Vulnerabilities from design mistakes and CAD tools† section, the authors introduced the CAD tools as â€Å"used extensively in logic synthesis, DFT insertion, placement and routing, and so on.† (4) It was hard to understand what it is if readers did not have the basic knowledgeShow MoreRelatedTermpaper on Status of Life Insurance in the Philippines6002 Words   |  25 Pagestheir emergency needs, is it because they have high income than u s (Philippines) or is it because of relative povery and illiteracy of the situation in our environment. This issues are common questions on our government†¦ base on research an article stating that Singapore has the highest concentration of millionaires in the world with 16 percent of its households having at least $1 million in assets, as determined by a study released by the Boston Consulting Group. 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Annotated Bibliography Of Research On Andy Warhol

Annotated Bibliography of Research about Andy Warhol Hereunder is a list of resources broken categorically into three sections: books, video footage and interviews. All of which I will be using in further development of my research paper on Andy Warhol (a.k.a. Andrew Warhola). Following each citation I have written a brief summary pertaining to that particular material and why I chose to use it for my research paper. Although he was not a painter and could not paint very well, according to his own understanding,  ¹ Andy Warhol  ² did in fact paint; and was unequivocally known for putting the â€Å"Pop† in Pop Art.  ³ I.xPrintedxBooks Colacello, Robert. Holy Terror: Andy Warhol Close Up. New York: Harper Collins,x1990. The author of this book, Colacello, worked side-by-side Andy Warhol in â€Å"The Factory† for most all of Andy’s commercial art days. This was because Robert â€Å"Bob† Colacello was the famed editor of Interview Magazine a Warhol publication which, over the years, depicted tons of Andy’s Pop art takes as the cover image. This text speaks of many of the excesses which occurred at night clubs such as Studio 54 in New York; a very famous hotspot for meeting up with celebrity guests and party-goers. From this book I learned how Andy would constantly strive to surround himself with superstars of the time, people like

Nov. 7, 1805 Free Essays

Nov. 7, 1805 It was mostly cloudy and calm, it was 10 o’clock in the morning, so we set out earlier than normal. Boy did it rain a lot, but it was nothing much to do us any harm, so we started hunting hoping we would get something. We will write a custom essay sample on Nov. 7, 1805 or any similar topic only for you Order Now We sure did get us something though, on are way back to the cabin we got lucky and killed 3 bucks and 21 fowls. It looks like we’re having some chicken tonight. The rain started as it kept raining on us, the men and I were beginning to get cold and tired so we took time to mark our names and the date and month on the old elk tree, to mark our territories. As we headed back to camp we passed through a village that was built quite differently from what we are used to. The houses were made of what seemed to be grass and mud woven together over beams that were only four to five high. We traded some of our fowls for dried fish, which they stored under their beds. The reeds were also used as clothing to cover their bodies from the wandering eye. June 13, 1805 As we set out again we came upon rolling mountains that were extremely high. They towered above us some 250 feet and were blocky and dark. We were not used to this type of terrain as we had been travelling on mainly flat plains lately. But the thing was it was really fascinating for us to see that for the first time. We all got time to greet the others, but it was getting late. The men and I all gathered up are stuff, and started looking south. I don’t know guys it’s getting dark and it’s kind of chilly are you sure you want to proceed. But we all went anyway we needed to get to our cabin as soon as possible. How to cite Nov. 7, 1805, Papers

Intro to Criminal Justice My Cousin Vinny Essay Example For Students

Intro to Criminal Justice My Cousin Vinny Essay Running head: MY COUSIN VINNY My Cousin Vinny Tracy Brown Florida Institute of Technology My Cousin Vinny This week we were asked to watch a movie called My Cousin Vinny and compare this to the actual Criminal Justice System. I want to start off by saying the portrayal of the Criminal Justice System was much different than what we see it in real life. I really enjoyed the comedy that was displayed around it. The movie was based around two teenagers who were suspected of murdering a gas station attendant. This movie takes place in Alabama. The first similarity I noticed is that the movie depicted the due process model. In which they were allowed a complete trial to determine true guilt. It seemed as though the sheriff’s office had already determined these two guys guilt prior to the trial. For instance during the interrogation they never told them what they were suspected of doing until Bill admitted to the charges. In reality he was suspected of murdering the gas station attendant when all he truly did was steal a can of tuna. Another thing that they did which followed the Criminal Justice system is the officers made sure they were aware of their rights. I never actually saw them being merandized but they were asked if they knew their rights prior to the interrogation. During the initial investigation they were never made aware of the charges they were being suspected of where in the true legal system they should have been told. A police lineup is done so that the witnesses can identify whom they saw making the attack. This is also done during the initial investigation so the District Attorney can build their case against the suspects. The next part in the criminal justice system they addressed is the arrest. The arrest is the seizing and detaining of a person by lawful authority. Bohm Haley, 2008, p. 12) The booking process in the move seemed to only include a phone call. During a normal booking process the police officers typically perform all of the administrative duties required to complete the arrest such as entering the suspect’s information into the computer, collect the suspect’s fingerprints, and photograph th e suspect. (Bohm Haley, p. 12) Once this is complete they are taken to the correctional facility to be housed. In most cases they are stripped of their personal clothing and issued state jail suits. In the movie this didn’t happen immediately. The two boys were then placed in the same cell together which I thought personally was quite odd. The fact is I don’t think many jails would place suspects of the same crime together. The lawyer that they chose to represent them was very inexperienced. In most murder cases the lawyer that you would hire should have more experience than what Vinny had. The next step in the system is initial appearance. Here they are given formal notice of the charges against them and advised of their rights. (Bohm Haley, 2008, p. 13) The movie included this in their depiction of the criminal justice system. In the movie they called it the arraignment. The arraignment is where the defendant either pleads guilty or not guilty. During this stage the bail is also set which was also done in the movie. In the movie the set the preliminary hearing for the next morning in which the witnesses testified to what they saw and heard. This allows the judge to decide if there is probable cause to make and indictment. Based upon the information we have learned it seems that the arraignment should have happened after the preliminary hearing and that the initial appearance was missed altogether. .u148448777d7a2ef6339a16f4a7f54d88 , .u148448777d7a2ef6339a16f4a7f54d88 .postImageUrl , .u148448777d7a2ef6339a16f4a7f54d88 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u148448777d7a2ef6339a16f4a7f54d88 , .u148448777d7a2ef6339a16f4a7f54d88:hover , .u148448777d7a2ef6339a16f4a7f54d88:visited , .u148448777d7a2ef6339a16f4a7f54d88:active { border:0!important; } .u148448777d7a2ef6339a16f4a7f54d88 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u148448777d7a2ef6339a16f4a7f54d88 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u148448777d7a2ef6339a16f4a7f54d88:active , .u148448777d7a2ef6339a16f4a7f54d88:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u148448777d7a2ef6339a16f4a7f54d88 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u148448777d7a2ef6339a16f4a7f54d88 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u148448777d7a2ef6339a16f4a7f54d88 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u148448777d7a2ef6339a16f4a7f54d88 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u148448777d7a2ef6339a16f4a7f54d88:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u148448777d7a2ef6339a16f4a7f54d88 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u148448777d7a2ef6339a16f4a7f54d88 .u148448777d7a2ef6339a16f4a7f54d88-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u148448777d7a2ef6339a16f4a7f54d88:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: What Should Be Included In A Prohibition EssayThere are many different types of lawyers to choose from. They are criminal lawyers, court appointed lawyers, public defenders, contract lawyers and district attorneys’. Criminal lawyers are those that are privately retained. (Bohm Haley, p. 275) Most criminal lawyers only take cases that are highly public, those looking to make a new law or when it involves a large amount of money. (Bohm Haley, p. 275) Court-Appointed lawyers are those that are appointed for a defendant whom can’t afford to pay for one. (Bohm Haley, p. 275) These lawyers are normally on a volunteer or rotating basis and appointed by the judge. Bohm Haley, p. 275) The Public Defender are paid a fixed salary by the local area and used for folks that can’t afford to pay for a lawyer. (Bohm Haley, p. 275) Contract lawyers are becoming more popular and would be contracted to defend folks that can’t afford to pay for a lawyer. (Bohm Haley, p. 275) Stan then decided that he wanted to switch to a public defender because he felt Vinny didn’t have the experience necessary to win the case. The next stage in the system was to determine who the jurors would be. The jury was selected by only asking a few questions. In a normal jury selection process includes a random number of people who are considered the jury pool also known as a venire. (Bohm Haley, 2008, p. 295) From this pool of possible jurors they go through a process called voir dire. (Bohm Haley, p. 295) A voir dire is the process in which persons who might be biased or unable to render a fair verdict are screened out. (Bohm Haley, p. 295) During this process the judge, prosecutors, and the defense attorneys ask question regarding their knowledge and background of the case. The goal is to keep only 12 of these folks to the actual trial. In many high profile cases it is very difficult to find impartial jurors. The final stage in the movie was the actual trial. The charges are introduced by the court clerk as murder n the 1st degree for Bill and accessory or aiding and embedding a criminal for Stan. In a normal trial the jury would have been sworn in under oath. The next thing that happens in a normal trial is the opening statement by the prosecution and the defense attorney which did happen in the movie. The next thing that happens is that the prosecution presents their case and starts calling witnesses for questioning. The job of the prosecution is to convince the jury that the defendant committed the crimes that they are being charge of. The defense attorney will then cross examine any witnesses they feel necessary. For instance in the movie Vinny cross examined all the witnesses’ testimonies and found holes that would leave doubt with the jury. In the court room the prosecution is always on the left and the defense is always on the right side of the room. There should always be guards at the door in the event of any catastrophic happenings. The court clerk always is to the left of the judge and the witnesses are to the right of him or her. In the movie the trial lasted for three days. In this particular trial there were really no closing statements but there was a surprise witness that was needed to have the charges dismissed. It seems like the sheriffs’ office did not investigate the crime to their fullest ability. If the lawyer would not have uncovered the necessary evidence to have the charges dismissed they would have faced the death penalty. In the movie they mentioned the electric chair is Alabama’s choice of use when administering the death penalty. There are different options depending on the state you reside in. .u42cb795e922f4d09519082b53d02a356 , .u42cb795e922f4d09519082b53d02a356 .postImageUrl , .u42cb795e922f4d09519082b53d02a356 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u42cb795e922f4d09519082b53d02a356 , .u42cb795e922f4d09519082b53d02a356:hover , .u42cb795e922f4d09519082b53d02a356:visited , .u42cb795e922f4d09519082b53d02a356:active { border:0!important; } .u42cb795e922f4d09519082b53d02a356 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u42cb795e922f4d09519082b53d02a356 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u42cb795e922f4d09519082b53d02a356:active , .u42cb795e922f4d09519082b53d02a356:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u42cb795e922f4d09519082b53d02a356 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u42cb795e922f4d09519082b53d02a356 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u42cb795e922f4d09519082b53d02a356 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u42cb795e922f4d09519082b53d02a356 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u42cb795e922f4d09519082b53d02a356:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u42cb795e922f4d09519082b53d02a356 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u42cb795e922f4d09519082b53d02a356 .u42cb795e922f4d09519082b53d02a356-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u42cb795e922f4d09519082b53d02a356:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Lung cancer Persuasive EssayThe choices are lethal injection, electrocution, lethal gas, hanging and firing squad. In this particular case the appeal process was not necessary however many defendants who have been sentenced to the death penalty will go through many appeals before the execution actually would take place. Another piece of the criminal justice system that was not necessary was the sentencing. This is normally another hearing which is held to determine the punishment that fits the crime. In conclusion, I think that this was a great movie to watch relating to the issues that face the criminal justice system. It opened my eyes to the facts that not all cases are as cut and dry as I would have once thought. Mostly my experience with the criminal justice system was determined by what I hear on the news along with the different crime show displayed on the television. I think there needs to be some regulations put on how the news portrays the way actual crimes occurred so that we would have less of a chance of having biased jurors. Reference Bohm, R. M. , Haley, K. N. (2008). Introduction to Criminal Justice (5th ed. ). (M. Ryan, Ed. ). New York: Mcgraw Hill.

Accomplishments & failures of Louis XIV essays

Accomplishments & failures of Louis XIV essays Europe chose the path of centralized power, and it was constructed by Louis XIV. He referred to himself as the "Sun King," the monarch at the center of the political constellation. He built Versailles and ruled his kingdom. He made absolutism the wave of the future and the high road to military glory and worldly power. He was not devoted to the catholic religion, but he took part in a reorganization of the Roman Catholic Church inside France. He went along with the reforms dictated by the pope in regards to religion, but his main goal was to make the court of France the center of fashion and art. That is when he created Versailles, the country estate. Louis bankrupted the Treasury of France through his wars. He fought four major ones, and his aim was to make himself supreme in Europe. He planned to conquer all lands west of the Rhine River. He also gained several important territories. He did end up having some failures as well. He spent more than France could afford. Not only had the building of Versailles disabled the Treasury, but his spending on his various mistresses and illegitimate children got out of hand. The Spanish War of Succession ruined the Treasury, and Louis never could raise the taxes enough to cover his love of his little wars and women. The good that he did with the money outweighs the fact that he bankrupted the treasury because he opened up a whole new world of culture for the people of France. ...

The Use of Listing in Composition

The Use of Listing in Composition In composition, listing is a discovery (or prewriting) strategy in which the writer develops a list of words and phrases, images and ideas. The list may be ordered or unordered. Listing can help overcome writers block and lead to the discovery, focusing, and development of a topic. In developing a list, observes Ronald T. Kellogg, [s]pecific relations to previous or subsequent ideas may or may not be noted. The order in which the ideas are placed in the list can reflect, sometimes after several attempts to build the list, the order needed for the text (The Psychology of Writing, 1994). How to Use Listing Listing is probably the simplest prewriting strategy and is usually the first method writers use to generate ideas. Listing means exactly what the name implies- listing your ideas and experiences. First set a time limit for this activity; 5-10 minutes is more than enough. Then write down as many ideas as you can without stopping to analyze any of them. . . . After you have generated your list of topics, review the list and pick one item that you might like to write about. Now youre ready for the next listing; this time, create a topic-specific list in which you write down as many ideas as you can about the one topic you have selected. This list will help you look for a focus for your...paragraph. Dont stop to analyze any of the ideas. Your goal is to free your mind, so dont worry if you feel youre rambling.(Luis Nazario, Deborah Borchers, and William Lewis, Bridges to Better Writing. Wadsworth, 2010) Example Like brainstorming, listing involves the unmonitored generation of words, phrases, and ideas. Listing offers another way of producing concepts and sources for further thought, exploration, and speculation. Listing is distinct from freewriting and brainstorming in that students generate only words and phrases, which can be classified and organized, if only in a sketchy way. Consider the case of a postsecondary academic ESL writing course in which students are first asked to develop a topic related to modern college life and then to compose a letter or editorial piece on the subject. One of the broad topics that emerged in freewriting and brainstorming sessions was The Benefits and Challenges of Being a College Student. This simple stimulus generated the following list: Benefitsindependenceliving away from homefreedom to come and golearning responsibilitynew friendsChallengesfinancial and social responsibilitiespaying billsmanaging timemaking new friendspracticing good study habits The items in this preliminary list overlap considerably. Nonetheless, such a list can offer students concrete ideas for narrowing a broad topic to a manageable scope and for selecting a meaningful direction for their writing. (Dana Ferris and John Hedgcock, Teaching ESL Composition: Purpose, Process, and Practice, 2nd ed.Lawrence Erlbaum, 2005) An Observation Chart A type of list that seems especially appropriate for poetry writing instruction is the observation chart, in which the writer makes five columns (one for each of the five senses) and lists all the sensory images associated with the topic. Composition instructor Ed Reynolds [in Confidence in Writing, 1991] writes: Its columns force you to pay attention to all of your senses, so it can help you do a more thorough, specific observation. We are accustomed to relying on our sight, but smells, tastes, sounds, and touch can sometimes give us more important information about a subject. (Tom C. Hunley, Teaching Poetry Writing: A Five-Canon Approach. Multilingual Matters, 2007) Pre-Writing Strategies ExpeditioList, Listicle, and SeriesOutline

Management Term Paper on Decision-making Principles

Management on Decision-making Principles - Term Paper Example The New York Times also revealed that the space agencies are worried for the catastrophic shuttle accidents that took place in this decade. It has become a threat for the aeronautics and space research sector. The agencies are estimating the catastrophic failure in fiery gradient to the orbit at 1 in 78. An accident of such a stature would destroy the shuttle and kill the astronauts as well. The most risky period in the flight is the ascent, as during this time the engines run at a hazardously high speed, pressure and temperature. The risk of such grim accidents is high despite the three successful flights even after the Challenger disaster. Risk is a major policy issue that NASA needs to consider for their risk management programs. NASA has already proposed a $25 billion worth of space station for transporting the materials and the astronauts on the shuttle and also for the maintenance work, but the risks associated with the programs still prevails (Broad, 1989). Bloomberg revealed that NASA is planning to launch its most expensive and ambitious Mars mission. This also would not be easy because the complicated design of the rover is very risky and it has been termed as â€Å"seven minutes of terror†, as it takes about 13,000 mph to complete stop. So this is another risky venture of NASA, which is in the process. The latest estimates of risk of NASA suggest that shuttle accidents are likely to occur even before the space station is completed. It is said that if any other incidents or accidents take place after this, it would cripple the space program and the ambitious projects which NASA is planning in near future (Chang, 2012). For funding the space programs NASA has to keep its audience interested in their programs. The company compares its economic and political... The study was designed keeping in mind the management principles that are required for the decision process to reduce various organizational risks. The solution might differ from organization to organization, but the strategic framework or motives are more or less similar. Here the example of NASA has been chosen to capture few decision-making models which they utilize to avert the disasters that are occurring frequently with their space shuttle. These disasters not only result in loss of life, but also wastage of funds and useful resources. The newspaper articles have been referred to, for highlighting the disasters that took place in NASA with relation to their space shuttle. The lives of the astronauts were scarified and government generated funds for such significant and expensive missions were wasted. In the statement of principle the triple risk model of NASA has been explained, along with the RIDM process, which is the decision-making model followed by NASA. It consist of risk analysis, environment analysis and performance management. These models work on the seven principles, based on the theories of strategic management. Though NASA’s projects are designed based on these decision-making models and the principles stated above, but disasters happen due to negligence, which can be only eradicated if the space managers follow the principles of management set within the organization.

Academic Strategies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Academic Strategies - Essay Example m must be established to train the health care providers to become resilient and not crack under pressure which often lead to a gap in provision of quality of health care and lastly the workup sheets used in the areas should be labeled with different colors and should be printed beforehand to save time and also improve efficiency of health care providers, a complain or comment box should be made so that patients can anonymously report about anything that bothers them. The prevention of infections within the hospital can be controlled by implementing the following steps; the most important step is the maintenance of hygiene and cleanliness within the hospital, training programs to be conducted monthly which train the hospital employees on prevention on spread of infection and then a proper infection control authority should be established which ensure each and every step is actually practiced and it also helps to identify any outbreaks that may have occurred in the hospital. The healt h care system is infested by a wide range of errors that can be prevented and there are many tests and procedures conducted regularly which are usually unnecessary for the patient. There are many occurrences of death and injuries annually which could have been prevented only if quality health care would have been provided. There are many overuse, misused and underused procedure within the hospital that also increase the expense of both the hospital and the patient. Poor quality of health care leads to patient deaths and complication during procedures. A research conducted by the Midwest Business group concluded that approximately 30% of expenditures in health care are due to poor the quality of health care. 30% is equivalent to a rough estimate of $390 billion (Meyer, Carrol, Kutyla, Stepnick & Rybowski, 2015). The occurrence of health care associated infections also known as HAI’s has grown to staggering numbers since the past few years. According to some facts and figures, every one

To what extent are organisations socially constructed phenomena Essay - 2

To what extent are organisations socially constructed phenomena - Essay Example In any case, the understanding of the relationship between organizations and society requires the following practice: each aspect of organizations has to be analyzed as of its potential interaction with social norms. In this context, change, culture and symbolism, as important elements of modern organizations, are analyzed and interpreted using appropriate theoretical frameworks. The relationship between organization and society is close but it can be periodically alternated under the influence of the local political and economic environment. 2. Organizations as socially constructed phenomena 2.1 Organization and society In order to understand the level at which society influences organizational practices, it would be necessary to refer to certain of the frameworks used for explaining the organizational ethics and structure, as parts of the organizational strategy for achieving the organizational mission. ... Organizations, as business units operating within a particular society, cannot avoid the influences from the society. This fact is reflected in various parts/ characteristics of organizations. For example, each organization is based on its workforce, a group of people having to perform specific tasks in various organizational departments. Society is constructed by groups of people, i.e. ‘families, peer groups and work groups’ (Tischler 2010, p.127) that cooperate for developing specific social or economic activities. In the study of Carroll et al. (2008) reference is made to another common element of society and organization: the technology. Technology, in various forms, is critical for the success of business operations. However, technology is also involved in the interests of the public. The most common example of this type is the technology used in healthcare organizations. The technology used in communications is another example where the intervention of technology i n social activities is made clear. In the context of its mission each organization is expected to invest on technology, which is expected to support the organizational growth. However, this practice may come in opposition to exiting social ethics. An indicative example of this case is included in the study of Carroll et al. (2008, p.352): biotechnology is a sector highly developed the last decades as it can help to the development of effective treatment for a series of diseases; however, this technology is also used for promoting activities which are not accepted by the society, as, for example, the research on cloning. Organizations that operate in the specific industry often have to face the strong opposition of the public, a fact indicating that the

Learning Disability: Barriers to Effective Communication

Learning Disability: Barriers to Effective Communication Communication is the act or process of using words, sounds, or behaviours to express ideas, thoughts feelings, or exchange information (Merriam – Webster, 2014). People with learning disabilities die younger than other people (Heslop et al, 2013). The Independent Inquiry into Access to Healthcare for People with Learning Disabilities (Michael, 2008) followed the Mencap report Death by Indifference (2007). The report concluded that there are inherent risks in the care system that result in high levels of health needs not being met. The inquiry found that people with learning disabilities appear to receive less effective care and that there are many shortcomings in the way treatment is delivered, with avoidable suffering caused by untreated ill health. Effective communication is essential in ensuring high quality health care (Balandin Hemsley, 2008) and is an essential skill for nurses (Nursing Midwifery Council (NMC), 2007). Because communication difficulties are characteristic of people with learning disabilities, the nurse needs strategies that can be used to promote communication and understanding by removing barriers, and developing their skills and knowledge. Why ? Effective communication is a recurring and pervasive theme in government policies, reports and best practice guidelines (Turner, 2014). Good practice guidance on working with parents with a Learning Disability (Department of Health, 2007), the survey of the human rights of adults with learning disabilities, A life like any other? (Joint Committee on Human Rights, 2008) and valuing people now (Department of Health, 2009). In particular, A Life Any Other? highlights the ways in which barriers to communication can all too easily result in the human rights of people with learning disabilities being breached, unmet communication needs can restrict access to public services. For example, research commissioned by Mencap showed that, of 215 GPs interviewed, 75% had received no training to help them treat people with a learning disability (Taylor Nelson Sofres, 2004, cited in Mencap, 2004). Children with LD Regnard et al. (2007) found more than twenty changes in behaviour in children with learning disability when they encountered distress, and it is likely those who have no verbal language are likely to be more receptive to non-verbal communication (Tuffrey –Wijne McEnhill, 2008). It is therefore vitally important for professionals working directly with children to engage with them however possible. Adults with LD Difficulties with communication have been consistently reported as a barrier in supporting adults with learning disabilities at the end of life . HEALTH NEEDS A high People with learning disabilities are likely to need assistance in communication. It has estimated that there are 1.5 million people in the United Kingdom (UK) with learning disabilities and between 50% and 90% suffer from sensory loss (Eric et al, 2012). Most people with learning disabilities have greater health needs than those with no disabilities. They are also likely to die at a younger age (Mencap, 2007). A number of reports in recent years have shown that there are failings in accessing services and in providing appropriate treatment for people with learning disabilities( Equal Treatment: Closing the Gap(2006); Death by Indifference (2007)). A life like no other (2007), a report into services for people with a learning disability in England, found that adults with a learning disability are particularly vulnerable to breaches of their human rights in healthcare services. There is considerable evidence that people with learning disabilities are not receiving the same level of health care as other people. In the UK, there have been many documented examples of secondary health services causing te preventable death of people with learning disabilities, with contributory factors reported to include poor communication, a failure of heath service staff to recognise pain, delays in diagnosis and treatment, a lack of basic care, and the use of Do Not Resuscitate orders (Heslop et al., 2013; Mencap, 2012a). A UK based Confidential Inquiry into premature deaths of people with learning disabilities (Heslop et al., 2013) estimated that 37% of deaths were potentially avoidable. When people with learning disabilities use health services, staff may have difficulty in meeting their needs because they are unable to communicate effectively with them. A number of reports (Department of Health, 2008; Mencap, 2012; Royal College of Nursing, 2010) highlighted the communication complexity between patient and the staff which have resulted in some cases of deaths and poor quality hospital care. HISTORY A report from Mencap (2007), entitles Death by Indifference, highlights the poor treatment received by six people with learning disabilities admitted to acute adult and mental health service. This poor treatment ultimately led to these peoples’ deaths. The report goes as far to say that institutional discrimination exists within the National Health Service (NHS) towards people who have a learning disability with them getting worse health care than non-disables people. One of the major concerns raised by Mencap was the notion of diagnostic overshadowing. This is neglecting to recognise signs and symptoms of ill health assuming them to be characteristic of a person’s learning disability. Death by indifference In 2004, Mencap published Treat me Right, a report which highlighted the inequities of NHS healthcare provision to people with learning disabilities. This also highlighted that that healthcare professional should not depend on carers or family to communicate with service users with learning disabilities and hospitals must perform their legal duty of care. Healthcare providers are accountable to make sure that these service users have their needs met and this include an easy-read information in place. In 2006, the Disability Right Commission further emphasised concerns that people with learning disabilities were not afforded equitable access to healthcare services and treatment and as a consequence suffered more ill health and were more likely to die. In 2007, Mencap published Death by Indifference, a report which told the shocking stories of six people with learning disabilities who suffered potentially avoidable deaths while in various NHS healthcare service by improving communicati on. A subsequent independent inquiry (Micheal, 2008) and port by the Local Government Ombudsmen and Parliamentary and Health Service Ombudsmen (2009) both confirmed that people with learning disabilities were consistently being placed at risk within primary and secondary healthcare services due to lack of and staff –patient communication http://www.ombudsman.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0013/1408/six-lives-part1-overview.pdf Death by Indifference (Mencap, 2007) attributed the unacceptable standards if care largely to an ignorance or apathy by nurses and other health professionals to understand and listen to their clients with learning disabilities. It is important that the individual is continually consulted about their care regardless of the extent of their learning disability. 74 deaths and counting (2012) The report by Mencap, 2012 relayed details of more potentially avoidable deaths of people with learning disabilities within NHS services. Reasonable adjustments The failure of public services to make reasonable adjustments regarding communication not only makes it extremely difficult for people with learning disabilities to access services, but it may also breach the Equality Act (2010) and Article 8 pf the European Convention on Human Rights (Micheal, 2008, p24). Poor communication with people who have learning disabilities has consequences that range from the relatively insignificant. For example a service user is given coffee when they would prefer tea. NON VERBAL COMMUNICATION Non-verbal communication is as important as verbal in interactions that influence dignity. For example, in a study of older people’s transitions (include older people with learning disabilities) between care service, Ellins et al. (2012) noted the following: ‘one of the most striking findings was that even the smallest gestures by providers to connect with somebody as a human being, such as a smile or a hug could make MAKATON The Makaton language programme is commonly used by people with learning disabilities. Many people with learning disabilities use speech, there are also a range of altranative methods of communication which can be used in conjunction with speech. Sign systems are used widely among people with learning disabilities, either alone or in conjunction with speech. One of the common systems is Makaton(Williams, 2009). However, Hannon (2003) found that no one at the hospital had heard of it. One of the people with a learning disability involved in the study said any of the health care professionals did not understand him. EASY READ Some people can benefit from written information being into an easy-read format. This involves the use of simple sentences and language and the use of photos or pictures to support the meaning of the written words. When producing written information for patients, it may be worth considering accessibility for patients who may be non-verbal or have a learning disability. An easy –to –read, information resource with picture and images and dew words can support people with learning disabilities to have a greater understanding of information and support their decision making. Talking Mats is ‘a visual framework that uses picture symbols to help people with a communication difficulty communicate more effectively’ (Murphy and Cameron 2005, p.3). Using pictures to represent topics and options and a visual scale with people with little or no speech and people who have difficulty in understanding speech can assist them to express their wishes about what will occur in their own life. Service providers, including case managers, can use this tool to help the person with disability consider and discuss a variety of options. The pictures are placed on a mat so that the person with disability can look at the options and choices available and then move them using the visual scale to indicate how they feel about each option. The visual scale might include symbols for liking something, for being unsure and for definitely not liking or wanting something. More complex visual scales can be created, depending on the person’s needs and abilities. Many people with a variety of disabilities use Talking Mats successfully. Nevertheless, there are some people for whom this system is not suitable. Murphy and Cameron (2005) suggested that to use Talking Mats successfully, the person using the mat must be able to recognise picture symbols and must be able to understand at least two keywords at a time. The person must also have a reliable way of confirming his or her views so that the case manager or service provider can be sure that the placement of pictures on the mat does in fact reflect the person’s views PERSON-CENTRED APPROCH Patient- or person- centred approaches to health are increasingly seen as more effi cient as they promote good communication between the clinician and patient but research to support this is lacking (Lewin et al., 2009). The Mental Capacity Act (2005) is based on person- centred principles and gives legal backing to previous guidelines for good practice (Mencap, 2010). It gives responsibility to all healthcare professionals to follow person- centred guidance in addressing issues of choice and consent in healthcare with the learning disabled. The key principles of this include the person being at the centre of any planning and discussion. This does not mean decisions are simply taken in their best interests but ways are sought to actively involve them in decision- making using accessible communication systems when necessary. McCaffery et al. (2010) argues that although there have been major advances in way to increase patient involvement in health decisions, with the benefits of greater involvement and shared decision-making now widely accepted, there has been little attention given to the development of tools and strategies to support participation of adults with lower literacy, who are members of a group with poor health knowledge, limited involvement in health decisions and poor health outcomes. McCaffery et al. (2010) proposed a framework to consider the different stages of shred health decision making and the tasks and skills required to achieve each stage. The 6cs In 2012, the Department of Health carried out a widespread consultation exercise on values for nurses, which were published in ‘Compassion in Practice: Nursing, Midwifery and Care staff: Our Vision and Strategy’. The vision is based around six values: care, compassion, competence, communication, courage and commitment. The vision aims to embed these values (the 6Cs) in all nursing, midwifery and caregiving settings throughout the NHS and social care to improve care for patients. Conclusion In conclusion, the author highlighted the importance and the barriers of communication when working with people with a learning disability, and the some communication methods that a learning disability nurses can use to work effectively with this client group. Good communication is the basis of effective care provision, and the value of developing a relationship and getting to know the individual demonstrates how this enables effective communication to take place. Health care professionals need to develop competencies in identifying individual communication needs, and developing creative ideas for how to overcome these, using a range of tools to aid communication. Person-centred approaches provide a framework to do this on an individual basis, enable and support people to make choices.

An Exposition on Peanut Butter Cookies Essay -- Exposition Essays

An Exposition on Peanut Butter Cookies Have you ever tried to bake peanut butter cookies, and for some reason they were a complete flap because they were dry and crunchy, too moist and crumbly, or perhaps they had a terrible taste? Well, I have discovered this cool new recipe and I have never failed at making them. Have no fear, the ultimate peanut butter cookie recipe is here. We will need the following ingredients: 1c. of brown sugar, 1c. of white sugar, 1c. of margarine or butter, 1c. of peanut butter, 2 large eggs, 1 tsp. of baking soda, 1/4 tsp. of salt, 2 tsp. of vanilla, 3 cups of flour, and 1/2 cup of white sugar. As far as cooking utensils go, we will need the following: 2 large bowls, a small cup, a microwavable bowl, a baking sheet, one set of measuring spoons, one se...